Sierra Nevada yellow-legged frog recovery in the news!

Roland, Tom, and colleagues Max Joseph (Planet, CU Boulder ), Mark Wilber (U. Tennesee), and Rob Grasso (Yosemite National Park) are celebrating new work just published in Nature Communications! This article synthesizes decades of frog recovery work, including frog translocations, capture-mark-recapture population studies, disease quantification, and mathematical modeling. Take away: frogs in Yosemite have adapted to live with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, and that evolution can be leveraged to facilitate recovery on a landscape scale. Read the full article here:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-53608-4

This underwater photo shows a pair of Sierra Nevada yellow-legged frogs hiding among some rocks.
Two Sierra Nevada yellow-legged frogs explore their new home in Yosemite National Park, after a short helicopter ride. Photo credit: Georgia Lattig.

This article has captivated the press. Here are some examples:
UCSB press release
USA Today
San Francisco Chronicle

This tremendous effort would not have been possible without our amazing field teams over the past two decades, and the recent support of Alexa Lindauer managing our laboratory and data! Thanks everyone!

Science and conservation together: why frog reintroductions work

After an 18 year study on reestablishing mountain yellow-legged frogs in the Sierra Nevada, we are proud to share a success story in amphibian conservation (covered by New Scientist [PDF]). The key to our success? Frog evolution and two decades of collaboration among academic, non-profit, and agency scientists.

frog leaps into water
photo credit: Sara Dykman 2022

Mountain yellow-legged (MYL) frogs are endangered due to (1) the introduction of non-native trout into their largely fishless habitat, and (2) the invasion of the novel amphibian fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) in the Sierra. While trout can be removed from some MYL frog habitats, resulting in rapid recovery of frog populations, Bd cannot be removed from the landscape. As such, MYL frogs must overcome the pressures of this pathogen to recover.

Although most MYL frog populations experience local extinction after a Bd outbreak, some populations persist despite ongoing Bd infections. Frogs in these populations show increased resistance to Bd (i.e. the ability to limit the severity of Bd infection). In a new study, we show that a) this resistance is the result of evolution in frogs, and b) we can leverage this evolution of resistance to Bd to recover MYL frogs through reintroductions. By reintroducing resistant frogs into habitats they formerly occupied, we can reestablish MYL frogs in the presence of Bd across their historical range. Armed with this powerful recovery tool, we will require multi-agency collaboration, patience, and adequate funding to continue reestablishing MYL frogs throughout the Sierra.

Apply to work as a 2024 Summer Field Technician

Over the past quarter century, we have documented dramatic, disease-driven declines of mountain yellow-legged frogs across California’s Sierra Nevada. But we have also documented the beginning of their recovery in recent years. In 2024, we will hire up to four field technicians to conduct capture-mark-recapture surveys, collect diagnostic disease samples, and assist with translocations and reintroductions of mountain yellow-legged frogs throughout the Sierra Nevada. These technicians will be critical to sustaining our long-term research of frog declines and recovery in 2024.

We seek individuals who have both extensive mountain experience and a passion for conservation and research. Follow the link below for a detailed job description and application instructions. Applications due January 12, 2024.

2024 Summer Field Technician Job Advertisement – Mountain Lakes Research Group

PC: Sara Dykman

2022 MLRG Annual Wrap-up and Newsletter

Our annual newsletter highlights our 2022 accomplishments in frog recovery, disease ecology research, and mentoring of next-generation scientists! This year, our newsletter shares their voices and views on working in wilderness, learning research skills, and being part of an ongoing conservation project. In short, it takes a village. You can learn how we fund mountain-yellow legged frog recovery, and how you can help (like donating your used smartphone!). A big thank you to our hard-working technicians, the staff at UC Santa Barbara Earth Research Institute and the Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Lab, and all of our agency partners in frog conservation for a successful season!

<click here to read the newsletter>

frog leaps into water
Re-entry! The first leap towards population recovery.
Photo credit: Sara Dykman 2022

2022 Publications

Here are some of the papers that MLRG members contributed to in 2022:

[PDF] Host density has limited effects on pathogen invasion, disease-induced declines, and within-host infection dynamics across a landscape of disease. Journal of Animal Ecology.
Wilber, M. Q., R. A. Knapp, T. C. Smith, and C. J. Briggs.

[PDF] Rana sierrae (Sierra Nevada Yellow-legged Frog). Behavior and Diet. Herpetological Review. Smith, T. C., R. A. Knapp, J. Imperato, K. Miller, and D. Rose

[link] Effectiveness of antifungal treatments during chytridiomycosis epizootics in populations of an endangered frog. PeerJ. Knapp, R. A., M. B. Joseph, T. C. Smith, E. E. Hegeman, V. T. Vredenburg, J. E. Erdman Jr, D. M. Boiano, A. J. Jani, and C. J. Briggs.

[PDF] Localized carry‐over effects of pond drying on survival, growth, and pathogen defenses in amphibians. Ecosphere. Le Sage, E.H., Ohmer, M.E., LaBumbard, B.C., Altman, K.A., Reinert, L.K., Bednark, J.G., Bletz, M.C., Inman, B., Lindauer, A., McDonnell, N.B., Parker, S.K. Skerlac S.M., Wantman, T., Rollins-Smith, L.A., Woodhams, D.C., Voyles, J., and Richards-Zawacki, C.L.

NSF-funded Biology Integration Institute to study amphibian resilience to disease

We are excited to be team members of a newly-funded National Science Foundation Biology Integration Institute called RIBBiTR (Resilience Institute Bridging Biological Training and Research). Working with a large and collaborative team of scientists and educators located around the country and conducting research around the globe, we will work toward uncovering mechanisms of amphibian resilience to infectious disease and global change. Read more on the RIBBiTR website and from The Current at UC Santa Barbara.

2021 Newsletter


Check out our 2021 field season accomplishments in our annual newsletter. In addition to summarizing our recovery activities, we also provide an in depth description of what a mountain yellow-legged frog reintroduction entails. In short, it takes a village. Read on in the newsletter to learn how we fund mountain-yellow legged frog recovery, and how you can help (like donating your used smartphone!). A big thank you to our hard-working technicians, the staff at UC Santa Barbara Earth Research Institute and the Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Lab, and all of our partners in frog conservation for a successful season.

Technician John Imperato reintroduces adult frogs into a basin in Kings Canyon National Park. PC: Tom Smith.

Happy Giving Tuesday, donate your unused smartphone!

Instead of sitting forgotten in a desk drawer, your old smartphone could play a critical role in endangered species recovery and mountain lakes research. The Mountain Lakes Research Group uses smartphones for recording data in the field. Compared to entering data on paper, entering data in smartphones increases efficiency and reduces errors, saving us time and money. Our current smartphones are still chugging along, but we are in need of updating and growing our fleet. Read instructions here to see if your old smartphone could be eligible for donation (spoiler alert, it probably is).

Checking her email? Nope. Field technician Kira Miller starts her data entry for a mountain yellow-legged frog survey at an alpine lake in Kings Canyon National Park. PC: Alexa Lindauer

Two new papers published!

One paper (Jani et al. 2021) describes how infection of mountain yellow-legged frogs by the amphibian chytrid fungus causes long-term changes to the community of bacteria inhabiting the frogs’ skin (“microbiome”). Given the myriad roles played by the microbiome, including those related to immunity, changes to its structure could have additional impacts on frogs. The second paper (Joseph and Knapp 2021) shows how using the results of visual encounter surveys in analysis of mark-recapture data can improve estimates of population size. Links to the full text of both papers is available on the Publications page.

New publication: Sierra Lakes Inventory Project data.

Exciting news: we just pushed the Sierra Lakes Inventory Project data set to the Environmental Data Initiative data portal! Roland Knapp ran the SLIP project from 1995-2002 and collected data on >8,000 Sierra Nevada water bodies. We owe Claire Pavelka our gratitude for making this data publication a reality. Claire was a fellow with the Environmental Data Initiative summer data science fellowship program in 2020.

Link to the dataset here.

Citation:
Knapp, R.A., C. Pavelka, E.E. Hegeman, and T.C. Smith. 2020. The Sierra Lakes Inventory Project: Non-Native fish and community composition of lakes and ponds in the Sierra Nevada, California ver 2. Environmental Data Initiative. https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/d835832d7fd00d9e4466e44eea87fab3

2020 Annual Newsletter

Read up on highlights from the field season and critical results from a long-term frog recovery project in our annual newsletter. Also learn how we fund mountain-yellow legged frog recovery, and how you can help. 2020 has been quite the year, and we send a big thank you to our partners who helped make our work possible during the COVID-19 pandemic and an historic wildfire season.

Mountain yellow-legged frog restoration amid a wildlife pandemic.

California’s mountain yellow-legged frogs are endangered. One reason is an ongoing wildlife pandemic (or, a panzootic). Worldwide, amphibians are threatened by a disease called chytridiomycosis, caused by the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. This disease has caused declines in frog and salamander species across six continents, including here in California. In a public seminar on Thursday 12 November 2020, our own Mountain Lakes Research Group Principal Investigator Tom Smith, PhD described some of the conservation tools that we study. Our goal is to help mountain yellow-legged frog populations persist in a landscape with widespread disease.

The recorded seminar is available to watch:

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRKf_rnxbSEvv_dp5lZtPBQ

This seminar was part of the UC Santa Barbara Natural Reserve System seminar series. Our research group is based out of the Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Laboratory, which is part of the Natural Reserve System.

Researchers and agencies work together to stop Bd epizootics in wild mountain yellow-legged frog populations.

Our work on Bd mitigation and cooperation with California and U.S. wildlife agencies was recently described on U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s blog, in a series on conservation in action. Thanks to Meghan Snow for the write-up, and to Jill Seymour, Isaac Chellman, and many others for their collaboration on this project. See the link below:

https://medium.com/conservation-service-in-action/fighting-chytrid-how-do-biologists-fight-pandemics-in-the-animal-kingdom-675a5dc99af2

Frogs released after treatment.
Mountain yellow-legged frogs are released into pens after a round of antifungal treatment to reduce infections with the amphibian chytrid fungus. credit: Roland Knapp.

Technology aids conservation: Observing frog behavior in frozen lakes using ROVs.

“What do frogs do in winter?” That is a question we hear frequently. Meters-thick ice covers high elevation Sierra Nevada lakes for about nine months of the year. For an animal that spends summer days lounging on rocks in the sun, winter imposes a radical shift in lifestyle. But historically, we could not document frog winter behavior through direct observation. Although scuba diving allows observation of some taxa, winter ice, elevation, and remoteness prevent us from diving in Sierra lakes.

Enter David Lang and his team, who developed the Trident underwater drone at OpenROV and Sofar Ocean Technologies. Over the past few years, our team used a Trident to search for frogs in a frozen lake. This technology allowed us to find frogs and tadpoles, and to capture video to document their overwintering behavior. David and some of his colleagues joined us at our study lake on two late winter expeditions and experienced our “eureka” moments in which we saw frogs and tadpoles as never before. Through the lens of the Trident and the VR goggles, we finally saw the frog’s eye view of life under the ice.

In his recent OneZero article, David describes how the Trident makes this project possible. More generally, he explores the potential for tech to enhance conservation projects. We are happy to see David’s story published, and honored that he focused on our project. Read his story here.

New paper published in Ecosphere

A paper entitled “Disease and climate effects on individuals drive post-reintroduction population dynamics of an endangered amphibian” by Max and Roland was published in Ecosphere today. The accompanying UCSB story is available here. Although developed for mountain yellow-legged frogs, the hierarchical Bayesian hidden Markov model they developed might be applicable to other species impacted by the amphibian chytrid fungus. 

Frogs make an unexpected recovery

In this new video, UCSB videographer Spencer Bruttig talks to Roland during a visit to one of his Yosemite study sites and gets the latest on the outcome of frog conservation efforts there. Amazingly, despite all of the challenges the Sierra Nevada yellow-legged frog has faced during the past century, the frogs are making a remarkable comeback. Hear about this exciting turn of events from someone who witnessed the frogs’ decline and now the beginning of their recovery.